汤若望与杨光先

说到底还是天主教与回教的斗争。

Johann Adam Schall von Bell (simplified Chinese: 汤若望; traditional Chinese: 湯若望; pinyin: Tāng Ruòwàng) (May 1, 1591 - 15 August 1666) was a German Jesuit missionary to China.

Born of noble parents in Cologne, Germany, he attended the Jesuit Gymnasium and joined the Society of Jesus in Rome in 1611. In 1618 he left for China, reaching Macao in 1619.

Apart from successful missionary work, he became the trusted counsellor of the Shunzhi emperor of the Qing dynasty, was created a mandarin, and held an important post in connection with the mathematical school. His position enabled him to procure from the emperor permission for the Jesuits to build churches and to preach throughout the country.

500,000 are said to have been baptized by Jesuit missionaries within fourteen years. The Shunzhi emperor, however, died in 1661, and Schall's circumstances at once changed. Astrologer Yang Guangxian alleged he indirectly caused the death of Empress Xiao Xian. Schall was imprisoned and condemned to death. The sentence was not carried out, but he died after his release owing to the privations he had endured. A collection of his manuscripts was deposited in the Vatican Library.

Crown Prince Sohyeon, the first son of King Injo of Joseon Dynasty in Korea, was highly interested in western sciences, and while he was a captive in Manchuria, visited and invited Schall to learn western sciences. Schall on his part gave Sohyeon books on the Catholic faith, and looked forward to the spread of Catholicism in Korea, since Sohyeon was the heir to the king of Korea. Schall asked Sohyeon if he would be willing to bring some Chinese Catholics so that they could proselytize the Koreans, and Sohyeon did so. Soheyon was murdered when he entered Korea, which dashed Schall's hope of evangelizing Korea.

杨光先（1597年－1669年），字长公，中国安徽歙县人，祖籍浙江余姚，明末清初学者、穆斯林。

杨光先早年受恩荫为新安所千户。崇祯十年（1637年），将千户位让与其弟，以布衣身份抬棺死劾大学士温体仁和给事中陈启新，被廷杖后流放辽西。不久，温体仁倒台，杨光先被赦免回乡。

清朝建立后，任用传教士汤若望、南怀仁等人按照西方天文学成果制定新历法，遭到杨光先的激烈反对，写出《辟邪论》等文章加以驳斥，并屡次上书，称汤若望等意图谋反，需要将天主教信徒“人其人，火其书，庐其居”。他提出：“宁可使中夏无好历法，不可使中夏有西洋人。”

康熙四年（1665年），在鳌拜的支持下，杨光先的上疏得到了审议，结果汤若望被判处凌迟（后在孝莊皇太后斡旋下未执行），南怀仁被流放，钦天监中与传教士合作的中国人如李祖白等被处决。史称“康熙曆獄”。

历狱后，杨光先被任命为钦天监监副，但他知道自己实际上并不懂得历法，于是上疏请辞。清朝政府结果非但驳斥他的辞职要求，还将其提升为钦天监监正。杨光先被迫上任，只好编纂《不得已》一书以自明心志。杨光先推举吴明烜为钦天监监副，实际负责立法推算，以回回历取代西洋历法。

康熙七年（1668年），鳌拜倒台，清朝朝廷发现杨光先确实无法胜任历法推算，复启用南怀仁。南怀仁遂提出要以实证证明西洋历法的准确度，并在次年的推算比赛中战胜了杨光先、吴明烜。南怀仁更上疏称杨光先为鳌拜党羽，结果杨光先被判处死刑，后被康熙帝赦免回乡，死于路上。